Clomid (clomiphene or clomifene) is one of the most widely-used female fertility drugs in the world. Less frequently it may be used off-label to treat certain conditions in men as well.

In fertility applications the medication is used to induce ovulation when the reproductive system is otherwise functioning properly. Clomid will not address other fertility issues, though it may be taken along with other medications to address multiple problems. Around 25 percent of female infertility is related to impaired ovulation.

It may also be used to stimulate ovulation for the purpose of gathering eggs for in vitro fertilization.

Using Clomid to Induce Ovulation

One of the reasons Clomid is such a popular fertility option is its ease of administration. Treatment consists of taking a single tablet, once daily, for 5 days per month. Its simplicity also makes this treatment considerably less expensive than other methods.

The medication works by blocking estrogen reception in the body, which causes the body to release hormones which stimulate ovulation. It is effective in approximately 80 percent of women who aren't ovulating normally.

Administration is simple and convenient:

• A doctor should determine the ideal dose, usually 50 to 100 mg.
• Tablets should be taken for 5 consecutive days, starting on either the 3rd or 5th day of the menstrual cycle.
• Medication may be given to induce menstruation if irregular.
• Tablets should be taken at the same time each day, with or without food.
• Ovulation typically occurs about a week after the last tablet is taken.
• Monitoring ovulation with records, tests and ultrasounds may help determine the medication's effectiveness.

Because of the medication's estrogen blocking properties, women may experience some symptoms of estrogen deficiency. One of those symptoms is changes in the cervical mucus, which can inhibit sperm from reaching their destination. A mild estrogen supplement may be prescribed along with Clomid to prevent this from occurring.

It is widely accepted that if pregnancy does not occur within six menstrual cycles while taking Clomid, alternative fertility treatments should be explored.

Women who become pregnant during treatment with Clomid have about a 10 percent chance of having twins or triplets. Chances in the general population are closer to 1 percent.

Other Uses

In men, Clomid may be used to address the symptoms of hypogonadism, or low testosterone. It is easier to administer than most testosterone replacement therapies and doesn't negatively impact fertility. Use of this medication in men is too variable to generalize.

Though not a steroid, Clomid's estrogen-blocking properties have made it somewhat popular as a performance-enhancer among athletes and bodybuilders. In most parts of the world recreational use of this medication is illegal, so purchase, possession and use of the drug may be regulated.

Risks & Side Effects

Clomid is remarkably safe. There are no known interactions with other medications, including vitamins and supplements. Side effects are unusual and very mild, including hot flashes, dizziness, stomach upset, tremors and spotting.

Very rarely a couple more serious adverse reactions may occur:

• Temporary vision disturbances, such as blurred vision, may be experienced when dosage is too high for an individual. Ceasing treatment or lowering the dosage will reverse these symptoms.
• Ovarian hyperstimulation, which causes fluid to build up in the abdomen and chest, can become serious while taking Clomid. Severe pain in the abdomen or chest, difficulty breathing, and rapid heartbeat call for immediate medical attention.

Women who become pregnant while taking Clomid should stop taking it immediately. Though unlikely to be harmful to nursing infants, no studies have been done and it may inhibit milk production. Nursing mothers should discuss possible risks with a doctor before using this treatment.